Factors affecting reproduction and the importance of adult size on reproductive output of the midge Chironomus tentans.

We conducted two separate tests to evaluate the influence of several factors that could affect estimation and interpretation of effects on reproductive output of Chironomus tentans in sediment toxicity tests. Specifically, the influence of adult size, mating frequency in males (male), and age of both males and females (female) at first mating on mating success (number of successful matings), fecundity (number of eggs/female), percentage hatch, and number of offspring (number of hatched eggs) was assessed. In the first experiment, the influence of adult size on reproductive output was determined by growing midges fed a low (0.29 mg/individual/d) and a high (0.42 mg/individual/d) amount of food to produce small (S) and large (L) adults, respectively. The adults were then mated in one of four scenarios: S male x S female, S male x L female, L male x S female, and L male x L female. An increase in male weight at a constant female weight had no significant effect on fecundity, whereas an increase in female weight yielded 49.5 and 60.7% increases in fecundity when mated with low- and high-fed males, respectively. Similarly, mean number of offspring (fecundity x percent hatch) increased by 19.8 and 48.3% when male weight was increased and female weight was held constant and by 141.9 and 180.4% when female weight was increased and male weight was held constant. In the second experiment, conducted at a single feeding rate, fecundity increased significantly with an increase in female weight but not male weight. The number of offspring was not significantly influenced by adult weight. The age of males or females at first mating, the frequency with which males were mated (up to seven consecutive days), and the proportion of males successfully mating had no effect on fecundity or number of offspring; however, large increases in variability about mean estimates were observed in some endpoints for older males. These results suggest that adult female size is the most important factor affecting reproductive output in C. tentans, and that enhanced performance of the life-cycle test with respect to all reproductive endpoints might be achieved if males are not mated for more than five consecutive days.